Cooling plate for lithium-ion battery pack

ABSTRACT

A cooling plate for a battery pack with a plurality of battery cells is provided. The cooling plate includes a cooling fin with a substantially planar surface and a perimeter. The cooling plate includes a frame abutting the cooling fin and forming a seal with the cooling fin adjacent the perimeter of the same. The frame and the cooling fin define at least one fluid inlet, at least one fluid outlet, and a flow channel therebetween. The at least one fluid inlet and the at least one fluid outlet are disposed through the seal and are in fluid communication with the flow channel. The flow channel is disposed adjacent the perimeter and in heat transfer communication with the substantially planar surface of the cooling fin. A battery pack with the cooling plate, and a method for controlling a temperature of the battery pack, are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/651,640 filed on Jan. 4, 2010, the entire disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to a component for a battery packassembly and more particularly to a cooling plate for a battery packassembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A battery cell has been proposed as a clean, efficient andenvironmentally responsible power source for electric vehicles andvarious other applications. One type of battery cell is known as thelithium-ion battery. The lithium-ion battery is rechargeable and can beformed into a wide variety of shapes and sizes so as to efficiently fillavailable space in electric vehicles. A plurality of individuallithium-ion battery cells can be provided in a battery pack to providean amount of power sufficient to operate electric vehicles.

Lithium-ion batteries are known to generate heat during operation and asa result of a charge cycle when recharging. When overheated or otherwiseexposed to high-temperature environments, undesirable effects can impactthe operation of lithium-ion batteries. Cooling systems are typicallyemployed with lithium-ion battery packs to militate against theundesirable overheating conditions.

As shown in FIG. 1, a state of the art battery pack 2 includes a coolingfin 4 disposed adjacent battery cells 6 for the purpose of transferringheat therefrom. A coolant is generally caused to flow through channels 8formed throughout the cooling fin 4 for purpose of transferring heatfrom the battery cells 6. Due to the presence of the channels 8 and theassociated ribs on the surface of the cooling fin 4, the state of theart battery pack 2 has undesirably applied a non-uniform pressure toindividual battery cells 6, which has now been found to limit thelongevity of the battery pack 2. Additionally, due to the presence ofthe ribs on the state of the art cooling fin 4, the packaging space andvolumetric efficiency of the battery pack 2 has been adversely affected.

There is a continuing need for a cooling system and method formaintaining a desired temperature of a battery pack such as alithium-ion battery pack. Desirably, the cooling system and methodprovides a uniformly distributed surface pressure to the battery packwhile maintaining effective heat transfer therefrom.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In concordance with the instant disclosure, a cooling system and methodfor maintaining a desired temperature of a battery pack such as alithium-ion battery pack, and providing a uniformly distributed surfacepressure to the battery pack while maintaining effective heat transfertherefrom, is surprisingly discovered.

In a first embodiment, a cooling plate for a battery pack with aplurality of battery cells includes a cooling fin with a substantiallyplanar surface and a perimeter. The substantially planar surface isconfigured to contact a face of at least one of the battery cells of thebattery pack. The cooling plate also includes a frame abutting thecooling fin and forming a seal with the cooling fin adjacent theperimeter of the cooling fin. The frame and the cooling fin define atleast one fluid inlet, at least one fluid outlet, and a flow channeltherebetween. The at least one fluid inlet and the at least one fluidoutlet are disposed through the seal and are in fluid communication withthe flow channel. The flow channel is disposed adjacent the perimeterand in heat transfer communication with the substantially planar surfaceof the cooling fin.

In another embodiment, a battery pack comprises a plurality of batterycells disposed in a stack, and a plurality of cooling plates disposed inthe stack in heat transfer communication with the battery cells. Eachcooling plate includes a cooling fin with a substantially planar surfaceand a perimeter. The substantially planar surface contacts a face of atleast one of the battery cells. Each cooling plate also includes a frameabutting the cooling fin and forming a seal with the cooling fm adjacentthe perimeter of the cooling fin. The frame and the cooling fin defineat least one fluid inlet, at least one fluid outlet, and a flow channeltherebetween. The at least one fluid inlet and the at least one fluidoutlet are disposed through the seal and are in fluid communication withthe flow channel. The flow channel is disposed adjacent the perimeterand in heat transfer communication with the substantially planar surfaceof the cooling fin.

In a further embodiment, a method for controlling a temperature of abattery pack having a plurality of battery cells includes the steps of:providing a cooling plate including a cooling fin with a substantiallyplanar surface and a perimeter, and a frame abutting the cooling fin andforming a seal with the cooling fin adjacent the perimeter of thecooling fin, the frame and the cooling fin defining at least one fluidinlet, at least one fluid outlet, and a flow channel therebetween, theat least one fluid inlet and the at least one fluid outlet disposedthrough the seal and in fluid communication with the flow channel, theflow channel disposed adjacent the perimeter and in heat transfercommunication with the substantially planar surface of the cooling fin;disposing the substantially planar surface of the cooling plate adjacentone of the battery cells, the substantially planar surface of thecooling plate contacting the one of the battery cells; supplying a fluidto the at least one fluid inlet; circulating the fluid through the flowchannel of the cooling plate to exchange heat from the one of thebattery cells through the cooling fin to the fluid; and exhausting theheated fluid from the cooling plate to thereby control the temperatureof the battery pack.

DRAWINGS

The above, as well as other advantages of the present disclosure, willbecome readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the followingdetailed description, particularly when considered in the light of thedrawings described herein.

FIG. 1 is an exploded, schematic perspective view of a battery pack ofthe prior art, showing coolant flow through a cooling plate andtemperature profiles of adjacent battery cells;

FIG. 2 is an exploded, schematic perspective view of a battery packaccording to the present disclosure, showing coolant flow through a flowchannel disposed adjacent a perimeter of the cooling plate;

FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of a cooling plate according to oneembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is an exploded, top perspective view of the cooling plate shownin FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional, side elevational view of thecooling plate shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, taken along section line 5-5 inFIG. 3; and

FIG. 6 is an exploded, fragmentary perspective view of a battery packhaving the cooling plate according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description and appended drawings describe andillustrate various embodiments of the invention. The description anddrawings serve to enable one skilled in the art to make and use theinvention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention inany manner. In respect of the methods disclosed, the steps presented areexemplary in nature, and thus, are not necessary or critical.

Referring to FIGS. 2-5, a battery pack 102 according to the presentinvention is shown which includes a cooling plate 104 disposed adjacentand contacting a face of at least one battery cell 106. The at least onebattery cell 106 is a prismatic battery cell. As a nonlimiting example,the at least one battery cell (106) may be a prismatic lithium ion(Li-ion) battery cell. It should be appreciated that other battery cells106, employing a different structure and electrochemistry, may also beused within the scope of the present invention.

The cooling plate 104 includes a flow channel 108 and has asubstantially planar surface 110. The flow channel 108 surrounds thesubstantially planar surface 110. The flow channel 108 is also disposedadjacent a perimeter 112 of the cooling plate 104 and in heat transfercommunication with the substantially planar surface 110. Although asingle flow channel 108 is shown, a plurality of the flow channels 108disposed adjacent the perimeter 112 is also within the scope of thedisclosure.

The substantially planar surface 110 is configured to contact a face ofthe at least one battery cell 106 of the battery pack 102. Thesubstantially planar surface 110 is also placed in a heat exchangerelationship with the at least one battery cell 106. The cooling plate104 further has at least one fluid inlet 114 and at least one fluidoutlet 116 in fluid communication with the channel 108 for transport offluid such as a gaseous or liquid coolant. Heat transfer from the atleast one battery cell 106 through the substantially planar surface 110to the fluid flowing through the flow channel 108 may thereby beachieved. The planar surface 110 also provides a substantially uniformdistribution of pressure to the at least one battery cell 106 when thebattery pack 102 is placed under compression.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, the cooling plate 104 includes acooling fin 118 and a frame 120. The planar surface 110 is formed on thecooling fin 118. A thickness of the cooling fin 118 at the substantiallyplanar surface 110 is desirably minimized for improved volumetricbattery pack efficiency. For example, the thickness of the cooling fin118 at the substantially planar surface 110 may be between about 0.05 mmand about 1.0 mm. In a particularly illustrative embodiment, the coolingfin 118 has a thickness of about 0.2 mm across the entire area of theplanar surface 110. One of ordinary skill in the art may select othersuitable thicknesses, for example, based upon the strength and thermalconductivity of the material employed for the cooling fin 118, asdesired.

The frame 118 abuts the cooling fin 120 and forms a seal 122 with thecooling fin 118 adjacent the perimeter 112 of the cooling fin 104. Theframe 120 and the cooling fin 118 define the at least one fluid inlet114, the at least one fluid outlet 116, and the flow channel 108therebetween. For example, at least one of the cooling fin 118 and theframe 120 may have grooves or channels that cooperate with the other ofthe cooling fin 118 and the frame 120 to define the at least one fluidinlet 114, the at least one fluid outlet 116, and the flow channel 108.The channels may cooperate with a surface of the opposing one of thecooling fin 118 and the frame 120, for example. Where the cooling fin118 and the frame 120 both have the channels, the cooling fin 118 andthe frame 120 may be aligned so that the channels of the cooling fin 118cooperate with the channels of the frame 120 to define the at least onefluid inlet 114, the at least one fluid outlet 116, and the flow channel108.

The seal 122 between the cooling fin 118 and the frame 120 may be formedby one of welding and brazing the cooling fin 118 and the frame 120together. The welded seal 122 may be formed by laser welding the coolingfin 118 and the frame 120, for example. In other embodiments, the seal122 is formed by at least one of an elastomeric seal and an adhesivedisposed between the cooling fin 118 and the frame 120. The seal 122 canalso be formed by other means as desired. The seal 122 is substantiallyfluid-tight. The at least one fluid inlet 114 and the at least one fluidoutlet 116 are disposed through the seal 122, and thereby provide a pathfor a flow of fluid to the flow channel 108 disposed adjacent theperimeter 112 of the cooling plate 104.

As nonlimiting examples, at least one of the cooling fin 118 and theframe 120 may be formed from aluminum, stainless steel, or coated steel.The coating on the steel is desirably a corrosion-resistant coating suchas a zinc-chromate coating. In other embodiments, the steel may begalvanized to provide a desirable corrosion resistance. Othercorrosion-resistant materials, coatings, and treatments suitable for useunder the operating conditions of the battery pack 102 may also beemployed, as desired.

In a particular embodiment, the frame 120 has an opening 124 formed inthe center thereof. The opening 124 is disposed inside of the perimeter112 of the cooling plate 104. In certain embodiments, the opening 124may have a shape corresponding substantially to a shape of thesubstantially planar surface 110 of the underlying cooling fin 118. Theopening 124 thereby exposes the substantially planar surface 110 of thecooling fin 118. A skilled artisan should appreciate that the opening124 desirably minimizes a thermal mass of the cooling plate 104. In analternative embodiment, the frame 120 may be provided without theopening 124, and with another planar surface 110 that abuts the planarsurface 110 of the cooling fin 118.

At least one of the cooling fin 118 and the frame 120 may further have apair of manifold apertures 126 formed therein. The manifold apertures126 form a part of a manifold (not shown) when aligned in the batterypack 102 for bulk transport of the fluid to the at least one fluid inlet114, and bulk transport of the fluid away from the at least one fluidoutlet 116. In one embodiment, each of the cooling fin 118 and the frame120 may include a pair of outwardly extending ears 128. The ears 128 mayhave the grooves or channels forming the at least one fluid inlet 114and the at least one fluid outlet 116 of the cooling plate 104. Themanifold apertures 126 may also be formed in the ears 128 and thereby bein fluid communication with one of the at least one fluid inlet 114 andthe at least one fluid outlet 116.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an exemplary assembly according to the presentdisclosure is shown. Like or repeated structure from FIGS. 2-5 have thesame reference numeral and a prime (′) or a double-prime (″) for purposeof clarity.

The assembled battery pack 102 may include a plurality of the coolingplates 104, 104′, 104″ and a plurality of the battery cells 106, 106′,106″ disposed in a stack. The cooling plates 104, 104′, 104″ aredisposed in the stack in heat transfer communication with the batterycells 106, 106′, 106″. For example, each one of the plurality of batterycells 106, 106′, 106″ may be in contact with the substantially planarsurface 110 of one of the cooling plates 104, 104′, 104″ undercompression. It should be appreciated that each of the plurality ofbattery cells 106, 106′, 106″ in contact with one of the cooling plates104, 104′, 104″ thereby exhibits a substantially uniform pressuredistribution across the area of the contact.

In a particular embodiment, the plurality of battery cells 106, 106′,106″ includes a first battery cell 106′ and a second battery cell 106″.The plurality of cooling plates 104, 104′, 104″ includes a first coolingplate 104′ and a second cooling plate 104″. The battery pack 102 furtherincludes a compliant or deformable spacer 130 disposed between the firstbattery cell 106′ and the second battery cell 106″. The spacer 130 maybe conductive or nonconductive, as desired. As an illustrative example,the spacer 130 may be formed from a nonconductive foam that deforms withcompression of the battery pack 102. The spacer 130 militates against anundesirable movement of the battery cells 106 during operation of thebattery pack 102. Other compliant or deformable materials may also beemployed for the spacer 130, as desired.

The first battery cell 106′, the spacer 130, and the second battery cell106″ are sandwiched between the first cooling plate 104′ and the secondcooling plate 104″. The first cooling plate 104′ contacts the firstbattery cell 106′, and the second cooling plate 104″ contacts the secondbattery cell 106″. It should be understood that the first cooling plate104′, the first battery cell 106′, the spacer 130, and the secondbattery cell 106″ may be so arranged to form a repeating unit of thebattery pack 102.

The first cooling plate 104′, the first battery cell 106′, the spacer130, and the second battery cell 106″ may likewise be disposed within arepeating frame assembly 132. The repeating frame assembly 132 may beformed from plastic or rubber, for example. The repeating frame assembly132 may be one of a plurality of repeating frame assemblies 132 in thestack including the first cooling plate 104′, the first battery cell106′, the spacer 130, and the second battery cell 106″ as the repeatingunit of the battery pack 102. The repeating frame assemblies 132 areconfigured to securely hold and align the plurality of battery cells106, 106′, 106″ and the plurality of cooling plates 104, 104′, 104″ inthe stack to form the battery pack 102.

In one embodiment, the manifold apertures 126 of the cooling plates 104,104′, 104″ may cooperate with similar manifold apertures 134 formed inthe repeating frame assemblies 132. The manifold apertures 126 and 134together define the supply and exhaust manifolds for the bulk transportof the fluid to and from the fluid inlets 114 and the fluid outlets 116,respectively, of the cooling plates 104, 104′, 104″. Like the coolingplates 104, 104′, 104″, the pair of manifold apertures 134 may be formedin outwardly extending ears 136 disposed on opposite sides of therepeating frame assembly 132.

The battery pack 102 according to the present disclosure may furtherinclude module end frames 138 and section end assemblies 140 disposed atends of the stack. The module end frames 138 and the section endassemblies 140 may cooperate with compression rods 142 to hold thecooling plates 104, 104′, 104″ and the battery cells 106, 106′, 106″under compression. Section retention loops (not shown) disposed aroundthe stack and section covers (not shown) disposed on sides of the stackmay also be employed to hold together the battery pack 102. Electricaltabs 144 in electrical communication with the battery cells 106, 106′,106″ are also present for connecting the battery cells 106, 106′, 106″,for example, in parallel with an interconnect board (not shown). Thebattery pack 102 suitable for a desired application such as powering anelectric vehicle may thereby be provided.

The present disclosure also includes a method for controlling atemperature of the battery pack 102 having the plurality of batterycells 106, 106′, 106″. The method first includes the step of providingthe cooling plate 104, 104′, 104″ as described hereinabove. Thesubstantially planar surface 110 of the cooling plate 104, 104′, 104″ isthen disposed adjacent the face of one of the battery cells 106, 106′,106″. The substantially planar surface 110 of the cooling plate 104,104′, 104″ is caused to contact the face of one of the battery cells106, 106′, 106″, for example. The fluid such as the gaseous or liquidcoolant is supplied to the at least one fluid inlet 114 of the coolingplate 104, 104′, 104″, and circulated through the flow channel 108 ofthe cooling plate 104 to exchange heat from the one of the battery cells106, 106′, 106″ through the cooling fin 118 to the fluid. The heatedfluid is then exhausted from the cooling plate 104, 104′, 104″ throughthe at least one fluid outlet 116 to thereby control the temperature ofthe battery pack 102. One of ordinary skill in the art should understandthat the rate of flow, the base temperature of the coolant, coolanttype, and the dimensions of the flow channel 108 may be individuallyadjusted in order to provide the desired level of temperature control.

It is surprisingly found the planar surface 110 of the cooling plate104, 104′, 104″provides a substantially uniform pressure on the adjacentbattery cell 106, 106′, 106″ when the battery pack 102 is compressed andassembled. The substantially uniform pressure distribution leads togreater durability and longevity of the battery pack 102 having thecooling plates 104, 104′, 104″ and the battery cells 106, 106′, 106″.The minimized thickness of the cooling fin 118 additionally improves thevolumetric efficiency of the battery pack 102. It was also unexpectedlyfound that the flow channel 108 disposed at the perimeter 112 of thecooling plate 104, 104′, 104″ facilitates a sufficiently low temperaturedelta across the adjacent face of the battery cell 106, 106′, 106″. Theflow channels 108 are also easily sized, for example, by stamping orsimilarly inexpensive manufacturing operations to customize the heatremoval characteristics of the cooling plate 104, 104′, 104″ for adesired battery stack 102 design.

While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown forpurposes of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that various changes may be made without departingfrom the scope of the disclosure, which is further described in thefollowing appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A battery pack, comprising: a plurality ofbattery cells disposed in a stack; and a plurality of cooling platesdisposed in the stack in heat transfer communication with the batterycells, each cooling plate including a cooling fin with a substantiallyplanar surface on each side of the cooling fin and a perimeter, thesubstantially planar surface contacting at least one of the batterycells, and a frame abutting the cooling fin and forming a seal with thecooling fin adjacent the perimeter of the cooling fin, the frame and thecooling fin defining at least one fluid inlet, at least one fluidoutlet, and a flow channel, the flow channel disposed between the frameand the cooling fin, the at least one fluid inlet and the at least onefluid outlet in fluid communication with the flow channel, the flowchannel disposed adjacent the perimeter and in heat transfercommunication with and surrounding the substantially planar surface ofthe cooling fin.
 2. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein each of theplurality of battery cells is in contact with one of the cooling plates.3. The battery pack of claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of batterycells in contact with one of the cooling plates exhibits a substantiallyuniform pressure distribution across the area of the contact.
 4. Thebattery pack of claim 1, wherein the plurality of battery cells includesa first battery cell and a second battery cell, and the plurality ofcooling plates includes a first cooling plate and a second coolingplate, the battery pack including a spacer disposed between the firstbattery cell and the second battery cell.
 5. The battery pack of claim1, wherein the first battery cell, the spacer, and the second batterycell are sandwiched between the first cooling plate and the secondcooling plate, the first cooling plate contacting the first battery celland the second cooling plate contacting the second battery cell.
 6. Thebattery pack of claim 4, wherein the first cooling plate, the firstbattery cell, the spacer, and the second battery cell are disposedwithin a repeating frame assembly, the repeating frame assembly beingone of a plurality of repeating frame assemblies configured to hold andalign the plurality of battery cells and the plurality of cooling platesin the stack to form the battery pack.
 7. The battery pack of claim 6,wherein each of the cooling plates includes a pair of manifold aperturesthat cooperate with a pair of manifold apertures formed in the repeatingframe assemblies to define manifolds for transport of the fluid to thefluid inlet of the cooling plate and transport of the fluid away fromthe fluid outlet of the cooling plate.
 8. The battery pack of Claim ofclaim 7, wherein the pair of manifold apertures of the each of thecooling plates is formed in outwardly extending ears disposed onopposite sides of the cooling plate.
 9. The battery pack of claim 1,wherein the frame includes an opening formed in the center thereof. 10.A battery pack, comprising: a plurality of battery cells disposed in astack; and a plurality of cooling plates, the cooling plates comprising;a cooling fin; a frame coupled at a perimeter of the cooling fin; a flowchannel extending entirely about the perimeter of the cooling fin; and aplanar surface of the cooling fin extending entirely about the perimeterof the cooling fin, the flow channel completely surrounding the planarsurface, the planar surface configured to directly contact a planarsurface of one of the battery cells of the battery pack, wherein theflow channel also surrounds the battery cell without directly contactingthe battery cell.
 11. The battery pack of claim 10, wherein the frame iscoupled at the perimeter by a first seal and a second seal, the firstseal positioned outwardly of the second seal, and wherein the flowchannel is defined between the first seal and the second seal.
 12. Thebattery pack of claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of battery cellsis in contact with one of the cooling plates.
 13. The battery pack ofclaim 12, wherein each of the plurality of battery cells in contact withone of the cooling plates exhibits a substantially uniform pressuredistribution across the area of the contact.
 14. The battery pack ofclaim 10, wherein the plurality of battery cells includes a firstbattery cell and a second battery cell, and the plurality of coolingplates includes a first cooling plate and a second cooling plate, thebattery pack including a spacer disposed between the first battery celland the second battery cell.
 15. The battery pack of claim 14, whereinthe first battery cell, the spacer, and the second battery cell aresandwiched between the first cooling plate and the second cooling plate,the first cooling plate contacting the first battery cell and the secondcooling plate contacting the second battery cell.
 16. The battery packof claim 14, wherein the first cooling plate, the first battery cell,the spacer, and the second battery cell are disposed within a repeatingframe assembly, the repeating frame assembly one of a plurality ofrepeating frame assemblies configured to hold and align the plurality ofbattery cells and the plurality of cooling plates in the stack to formthe battery pack.
 17. The battery pack of claim 16, wherein each of thecooling plates includes a pair of manifold apertures that cooperate witha pair of manifold apertures formed in the repeating frame assemblies todefine manifolds for transport of a fluid to the fluid inlet of thecooling plate and transport of the fluid away from the fluid outlet ofthe cooling plate.
 18. The battery pack of claim 17, wherein the pair ofmanifold apertures of each of the cooling plates is formed in outwardlyextending ears disposed on opposite sides of the cooling plate.
 19. Thebattery pack of claim 10, wherein the frame includes an opening formedin the center thereof.
 20. A method for controlling a temperature of abattery pack having a plurality of battery cells, the method comprisingthe steps of: providing a cooling plate including a cooling fin with asubstantially planar surface on each side of the cooling fin and aperimeter, and a frame abutting the cooling fin and forming a seal withthe cooling fin adjacent the perimeter of the cooling fin, the frame andthe cooling fin defining at least one fluid inlet, at least one fluidoutlet, and a flow channel therebetween, the flow channel disposedbetween the frame and the cooling fin, the at least one fluid inlet andthe at least one fluid outlet in fluid communication with the flowchannel, the flow channel disposed adjacent the perimeter and in heattransfer communication with and surrounding the substantially planarsurface on each side of the cooling fin; disposing the substantiallyplanar surface on each side of the cooling fin of the cooling plateadjacent one of the battery cells, the substantially planar surface oneach side of the cooling fin of the cooling plate contacting the one ofthe battery cells; supplying a fluid to the at least one fluid inlet;circulating the fluid through the flow channel of the cooling plate toexchange heat from the one of the battery cells through the cooling finto the fluid; and exhausting the heated fluid from the cooling plate tothereby control the temperature of the battery pack.